A recent World Economic Forum report has highlighted evolving trends in the workforce, globally and in South Africa, as the local labour market faces the combined impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)
The World Economic Forum (WEF) recently issued the third edition of its "Future of Jobs Report" (WEF Report), which describes the jobs and skills of the future and tracks the pace of change. Part 1 of the WEF Report tracks the future of jobs while Part 2 considers specific country and industry profiles.
The WEF Report highlights that "human ingenuity is at the root of all shared prosperity". Employers need to harness the window of opportunity presented by the 4IR to take advantage of the new age of work, while promoting employment of both low- and high-skilled workers.
The key findings of the WEF Report are:
- The pace of technology adoption is expected to persist and may accelerate in some areas (eg encryption, non-humanoid robots and artificial intelligence)
- Automation and the Covid-19 pandemic are creating a 'double disruption' scenario for workers
- Job creation is slowing down while job destruction is accelerating
- Skills gaps continue to be high, as in-demand skills are changing across jobs
- The future of work has already arrived for most of the online "white-collar" workforce
- Inequality is likely to be exacerbated by the dual impact of technology and the pandemic recession
- Online learning and training are rising but look different for those in employment compared with those who are unemployed
- The window of opportunity to reskill and upskill workers has been shorter in the newly-constrained labour market
- Most employers recognise the value of human capital investment
- Companies need to invest in better human and social capital outcomes by adopting environmental, social and governance metrics
- The public sector needs to provide stronger support for reskilling and upskilling for at-risk or displaced workers.
The WEF also gives the following key statistics, based on a survey asking companies how they seek to restructure their workplaces and workforces due to changes in technology:
- 43.2% of the participating employers plan to reduce their current workforce due to technological integration or automation by 2025
- 34.5% of the participating employers plan to expand their current workforce due to technological integration or automation by 2025
- 32.4% of the participating employers plan to expand their current overall workforce by 2025
- only 15% of the participating employers plan to reduce their current workforce.
While more employers will expand rather than reduce their current workforce, some are planning to reduce their current workforce due to increased technological integration or automation within businesses.
From a close examination of the types of jobs being gained and lost due to automation, a very clear trend emerges: low-skilled jobs (such as factory workers, bank tellers and construction labourers) are being lost, while high-skilled jobs (such as data scientists, software and applications developers and fintech engineers) are being gained. Workers who lose their jobs due to automation therefore have no option but to retrain, upskill or risk not being able to find employment in the workforce of the future.
The WEF Report said the 4IR and Covid-19 pandemic are "twin forces" that have resulted in a remote and hybrid workforce due to the increase in remote working and e-commerce. Workers can now be classified into three categories:
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Essential workers
eg delivery personnel, domestic workers, health workers and farm workers | |
Remote workers
Workers who can work remotely | |
Displaced workers
Workers who have been displaced due to the Covid-19 pandemic Workers that fall within this category are from various sectors including hospitality, retail, travel and tourism |
The WEF report highlights the top 20 job roles in increasing and decreasing demand. These include the following:
|
Increasing demand |
Decreasing demand |
- Big data specialists
- Business development professionals
- Robotics engineers
- Information security analysts
- Project managers
|
- Administrative secretaries
- Assembly and factory workers
- Financial analysts
- Bank tellers and related clerks
- Construction labourers
|
South Africa's country profile - WEF Report
Part 2 of the WEF's Report includes a country profile for South Africa. Some of the more interesting aspects of this profile are:
- South Africa has about 31 600 000 people of working age, fewer than 30% of whom have digital skills.
- Most of the employers surveyed on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic are looking to adopt the following strategies: acceleration of automation of tasks, providing more opportunities for workers to work remotely, acceleration of digitalization of work processes, acceleration of ongoing organisational transformation (eg restructuring) and acceleration of the digitization of upskilling/reskilling workers (eg education technology).
- Jobs in high demand in South Africa include process automation specialists, big data specialists and business development professionals. Jobs in low demand include payroll clerks, data entry clerks and insurance underwriters.
- Skills in high demand in South Africa include analytical thinking and innovation, complex problem-solving, technology-use monitoring and control, emotional intelligence, persuasion and negotiation.
- Most of the employers surveyed indicated that they are rapidly integrating technology into their operations, with 82% stating that they are automating work. In addition, 64% of companies said that they were looking to implement strategic redundancies for workers who lack the required skills to fulfil the jobs of the future. At the same time, 73% of companies said that they would be willing to retrain their current workforce to meet new demands and work requirements. However, the retraining process is long (at least three months) and costly.
South Africa's Commission on the 4IR
This commission was established in 2018 and is overseen by the Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services and the President. It was established to tackle the challenges that will continue to arise as a result of the 4IR within the context of South Africa's economic and social landscape.
In March 2020, the government released a diagnostic report based on the findings of the Presidential Commission on the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
The commission has identified various key focus areas to revolutionise to meet the 4IR: energy, water, mining, manufacturing, agriculture, financial services and public administration.
A key strategy in embracing the 4IR is to ensure that South Africa's younger generation is prepared for the jobs of the future. The government is committed to retraining and upskilling workers. However, as highlighted by the WEF Report, South Africa is currently facing an uphill battle to keep up with the ever-changing demands of the working world.
The commission has identified five key pillars on which to focus to properly develop South Africa's 4IR strategy:
- technology, invention and innovation
- people and skills
- infrastructure, resources and natural environment
- economic growth and inclusivity
- stakeholder relations and governance.
Based on these five key pillars, the diagnostic report outlines various recommendations:
| Establish a national institute for artificial intelligence | | Establish a national data centre | | Review, amend and/or update all legislation in line with developments in the fourth industrial revolution | | Ensure competitive connectivity; incentivising the applications of fourth industrial revolution technologies |
| Prepare South Africa for the future of work | | Establish a national cybersecurity institute | | Adopt a major theme around policy of data by the national research foundation |
The impact of automation on the workplace in South Africa could be a double-edged sword for the economy.
It will almost certainly destroy many low-skilled jobs (which are already in short supply). However, at the same time, it presents an opportunity to retrain and upskill low-skilled workers to ensure that they remain employed. Automation will also create new industries and jobs. In the medium to long term, this could bridge the gap between the high-skilled and low-skilled unemployment rates and create a healthier, more dynamic South African labour market.
